摘 要
海名威以其简洁的文字，鲜明的形象，丰富的感情和深刻的思想构成了著名的“冰山原则”，牢固确立了他在美国历史上的地位，使他成为美国历史上最具影响的作家之一。他指出冰山的威严就在于只有八分之一露出水面。然而，他的这一风格的形成是与他的生活背景及其早期父母对他的影响是分不开的。
中篇小说《老人与海》是海名威一生思想和艺术的总结，他大量的使用象征，比喻等手法，把作品高度抽象化，使其完全隐藏在水下的“八分之七”中，那么文章中哪些隐藏在水下的八分之七呢，“冰山原则”又是怎样在文中得以体现的呢？
在《老人与海》中，老人桑提亚哥作为海名威式的硬汉形象的变体，体现了他在压力下的风度，某种程度上他就是海名威自身的一个化身，而小男孩马洛林以圣母马利亚的形象出现，体现了老年无助的海名威的恋母情结。文章中老人梦见狮子，幻想伟大的老狄马吉奥，鸡眼和斗鸡，是海名威对失去的青春的遗憾和对力量的向往，以及对成为冠军成为王的渴望的写真。这些都是老人的无意识欲望。
此外，从老人打鱼的过程和天数来看，不仅在行为上与基督教不断出现巧合，而且他暗指写作过程正如打鱼过程一样是艰辛的，写作技巧也需要长时间的锻炼和摸索，而作品也会和鱼一样不断的遭到攻击。
通过分析海名威的《老人与海》，人们能正确认识他的“冰山原则”并知道怎样在写作中去运用。海名威用冰山理论在《老人与海》中隐含了他自己的性格特征及原则，同时告诫人们无论在任何情况下都应该保持自己的尊严和压力下的风度，学会思考，善于总结以前的经验并且将其付于应用中去。
关键词
冰山原则；象征主义；无意识欲望；基督教；写作
Abstract
Terse words, vivid images, copious emotions and profound thoughts make up Hemingway’s famous “iceberg theory”, which solidly confirmed the renown of him and made him one of the most influential writers in America history. He pointed out that the grace of the iceberg is that only one-eighth above the water. However, the formation of his style cannot be apart from his versatile parents.
The medium-length novel The Old Man and the Sea is the fruit of all along life of Hemingway’s thoughts and arts. He used a lot of rhetoric, such as symbolisms, metaphors. He highly abstracted his works and made them the underneath seven-eighths. So what is the underneath part and how the novel embodied the iceberg theory? And how does his iceberg theory be embodied in the novel?
In The Old Man and the Sea, the old man, Santiago, is a transformation of Hemingway’s code honor, which embodied the grace under pressure. In some degree, the old man is an incarnation of Hemingway himself. Moreover, the little boy, Manolin, appears as the image of Virgin Marie, which embodied the Oedipus complex of old helpless Hemingway. In the novel, the old man dreaming of the lion and revering old DiMaggio and fighting cock several times are the regret of losing youth longing for power and champion. All of those are the old man’s unconscious desire.
Additionally, from the processes and dates of fishing, it is coincident with Christianity constantly and also he indicates that writing just like fishing is very hard, the skill of writing needs long time’s practices and thoughts, meanwhile works just like the marlin may also be attracted by others.
